Monday, September 30, 2019

Hypetension

Hypertension is the term used to describe high blood pressure. Blood pressure is a measurement of the force against the walls of your arteries as the heart pumps blood through the body. Blood pressure readings are measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg) and usually given as two numbers — for example, 120 over 80 (written as 120/80 mmHg). One or both of these numbers can be too high. The top number is your systolic pressure. †¢It is considered high if it is over 140 most of the time. †¢It is considered normal if it is below 120 most of the time. The bottom number is your diastolic pressure. †¢It is considered high if it is over 90 most of the time. †¢It is considered normal if it is below 80 most of the time. nlm. nih. gov Nursing Diagnosis for Hypertension Decreased Cardiac Output related to increased afterload, vasoconstriction, myocardial ischemia, ventricular hypertrophy Nursing Intervention for Hypertension †¢Monitor blood pressure †¢Note the central and peripheral pulse quality †¢Auscultation of heart and breath sounds †¢Observe skin color, moisture, temperature and capillary filling time †¢Observe the general edema Provide quiet environment, comfortable †¢Suggest to reduce activity. †¢Maintain restrictions on activities such as recess ditemapt bed / chair †¢Help perform self-care activities as needed †¢Perform actions such as a comfortable back and neck massage †¢Encourage relaxation techniques †¢Give fluid restriction and sodium diet as indicated. Nursi ng Diagnosis for Hypertension Risk for Ineffective Tissue perfusion: Peripheral, Renal, Gastrointestinal, Cardiopulmonary related to impaired circulation Nursing Intervention for Hypertension †¢Maintain bed rest, elevate head of bed †¢Assess blood pressure at admission in both arms, sleeping, sitting with arterial pressure monitoring if available †¢Maintain fluid and drugs. †¢Observe the sudden hypotension. †¢Measure inputs and expenditures †¢Monitor electrolytes, BUN, creatinine. †¢Ambulation according to ability; avoid fatigue A community nursing diagnosis is a clinical statement of an actual or potential health problem in a community. A nurse bases identification on her professional judgment, in order to create a plan for improvement. 1. Basis oWhile medical doctors treat diseases and conditions, nurses treat the physical, psychological, social or cultural problems that arise from a disease or condition. A community nursing diagnosis promotes wellness. Scope oA community nursing diagnosis focuses on health promotion among a specific group of people in one place over a period of time. Therefore, a community can describe a city, a school or a given population, such as the homeless. Purpose The community nursing diagnosis is used to identify available resources, develop educational materials and plan interventions to address illness or improve health within the population. Components oA community nursing diagnosis includes three parts: a problem or risk statement (illness or desired improvement), related factors (cause or etiology) and the signs and symptoms (based on confirmed subjective and objective assessment dat a). Classification oThe North American Nursing Diagnosis Association (NANDA) is a recognized authority on nursing diagnoses and maintains a standardized database of nursing diagnostic terminology.

Sunday, September 29, 2019

George Westinghouse’s Biography

Most people know the name Westinghouse as the name of an appliance, but where did the name come from? Many people may not know that George Westinghouse was not only an inventor, but a visionary. George Westinghouse's many inventions fed the Industrial Revolution that swept through America in the latter part of the nineteenth century. The Industrial Revolution brought many changes to the United States. Even though America was progressing, many ill effects were brought on by this expansion. Westinghouse was one of the Industrialist that actually cared about the many problems he saw in urban America. Westinghouse, at the age of forty-two, could no longer ignore â€Å"the evils of social upheaval created by too rapid industrial development†(Levine, 2). George Westinghouse wanted something done, but it looked as if he was the only one that would do it. George Westinghouse had influenced many areas of his era and ours. His many inventions, his good-willed policy toward his work! ers and his business practices have affected all of us; but nothing will compare to the influences that he left on our country's upper-class – the concept that they had a responsibility toward the society that had made them who they were. George Westinghouse was born eight of ten children into a middle class family on October 6, 1846. Westinghouse's father ran a small machine shop in Schendectady, NY, that manufactured mostly farm implements; as a result, Westinghouse was introduced to the world of machines at a very early age. Due to curiosities he found during the Civil War, in which he served in both the Northern Army and the Navy, Westinghouse invented a rotary steam engine. At age nineteen, this was his first patented invention; however, the design proved to be impractical. Despite his troubles, Westinghouse went on to invent a device for placing derailed railroad cars back on their tracks. The next year, Westinghouse was riding on a train that was suddenly brought to a stop to avoid a wrecked train on the tracks ahead. The brakes that were in use on trains around the world at this time were operated manually. Westinghouse knew that there must be a safer and quicker way to stop a train. After observing rock drills, that used compressed air to drill tunnels through mountains, Westinghouse wondered if the use of compressed air could be applied to brakes. This led to one of Westinghouse's most famous and most influential inventions ever. Westinghouse did not know it, but he was on his way to changing the course of the nation. However, at age twenty two, his new air brake and he got little attention. â€Å"If I understand you, young man, you propose to stop a railroad train with wind. I have no time to listen to such nonsense,† said Commodore Cornelius Vanderbilt, one of the most powerful railroad owners of the time (Compton's,4). Finally, on a small railroad outside of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Westinghouse was able to try out his new air brake. On the trial run, the train came to a crossing where a farmer's wagon had broken down. Upon seeing this, the locomotive's engineer applied the new braking system. Too everyone's surprise, the train was jolted to a halt; furthermore, the train was stopped yards in front of the farmer's wagon. Even though almost everyone did fall out of their seat, this was the beginning of Westinghouse's influence on the world. Eventually, the Railroad Safety Act of 1893 would â€Å"make air brakes compulsory on all U. S. trains†(Britannica, 6). At this point, Westinghouse established the Westinghouse Air Brake Company. By 1869, already, Westinghouse's success was almost guaranteed. George Westinghouse's next frontier was railroad signaling. With the ever increasing use and expansion of railroads, signaling became a major problem. He created a signaling system using compressed air and electricity; thus, the Union Switch and Signal Company was founded in 1882. Indeed, Westinghouse helped the railroads greatly. With his railroad inventions, railroads became safer; accordingly, leading to the instillation of railroad passengers with confidence. He also created a more profitable operation for the railroads. The bigger profits that were made by the railroad barons, the more they invested and the faster the Industrial Revolution took place. In this fast growing economy, Westinghouse, who was now financially stable, started to tinker with electricity and natural gas. With a well drilled in his yard, Westinghouse developed and marketed a system for the control and distribution of natural gas in Pittsburgh. Today's natural gas industry â€Å"owes its existence to Mr. Westinghouse†(Shumaker, 4). Using the knowledge gained from his work in natural gas, Westinghouse developed a theory for the distribution of electricity. He imported both a motor and its inventor, Nikola Tesla, from Europe. With the help of Tesla and three American engineers, Westinghouse developed a new electrical transformer that allowed electricity to be carried over long distances; however, Westinghouse's design used alternating current, while such people as Thomas Edison used and were promoting direct current electricity. This started the â€Å"Battle of the Currents†, as it was called (Corporate, 1). The advocates and financiers, led by Edison, of the DC system immediately tried to discredit Westinghouse's use of the AC system as soon as his Alternating Current components were made available on the market. These people charged that AC power was a menace to society. As if they did not do enough already to deface Westinghouse, they successfully had the state of New York install a Westinghouse AC generator as the official means of executing death sentences. These charges were untrue; therefore, they were insufficient in the suppressment of the use of AC power. AC power was given credibility when Westinghouse won the contract to light the Columbian Exposition held in Chicago in 1893. It was said to be a â€Å"dazzling spectacle of a quarter of a million lights that stole the show†. Reflecting the â€Å"Battle of the currents†, Nikola Tesla later wrote, â€Å"George Westinghouse was, in my opinion, the only man on this globe who could take my alternating-current system under the circum! stances then existing and win the battle against prejudice and money power. He was one of the world's true noblemen, of whom America may well be proud and to whom humanity owes an immense debt of gratitude† (Corporate, 1) . On January 8, 1886, with a stroke of the Governor of Pennsylvania's pen, the Westinghouse Electric Company was granted a charter. This company, which would turn out to be the most important of George Westinghouse's many companies, had two-hundred employees and was located in a rented building in Pittsburgh's Garrison Alley Section. By this point in his life, Westinghouse had founded a few other companies. His air brake company had been expanded to France, England and Germany. This idea of a company going world-wide was relatively new. This led a surge of American companies to expand beyond the United States; American influence was being spread around the world. Westinghouse had also founded a machine shop in Pittsburgh in 1881. Westinghouse was very different from most of the other American Industrialist. From the start, Westinghouse was not motivated by money or power. He was motivated by knowing that his inventions and other work would be used to help mankind. Within two years after the Westinghouse Electric Company was founded, the company had grown from the original two-hundred employees to more than three thousand employees by 1888. By 1890, the Westinghouse Electric Company sales totaled four million dollars; Westinghouse had also installed more than three-hundred electrical generators including Niagara Falls, by this time. Westinghouse's business practices were very different than the business practices of they day. Westinghouse clearly was not a businessman, yet because of his dreams, he successfully ran his businesses in a way that baffled many businessmen. From the start, Westinghouse was concerned with the welfare of his employees. His employees were his prime consideration in any business decision. Westinghouse's workers had a six day, fifty-five hour work week. This work week included five ten hour days, Monday through Friday, and a five hour day on Saturday. It seemed strange to other employers of the time to give employees a half-day on Saturday, but this was part of Westinghouse's philosophy. Another benefit of working for Westinghouse was the pension plan. One of the earliest known, Westinghouse provided a pension for each of his workers. The employees of Westinghouse's businesses also received medical coverage. If an employee fell sick or was injured, he and his family would receive money from the compensation fund to live, and the finest medical services available would be given to the worker. A Veteran Employees Association was formed. Any employee with twenty years or more of service could join. This evolv! ed into the formation of a Grievance Committee made up of three shop men and three management personnel. The Grievance Committee would form to resolve such issues as the following: working conditions, working methods, and limits of the workers. Westinghouse's Grievance Committee set the path for labor reform in America. Westinghouse revolutionized the way the American employee worked; hence, Westinghouse was received as the best boss in Pittsburgh. Consequently, he won the resentment of the other employers in Pittsburgh and eventually the country. Westinghouse became famous to every citizen by a means different than his inventions. Westinghouse actually created his own town. Westinghouse became perplexed with the problems that he saw in Pittsburgh; The town had grew from a small city to a booming industrial mecca-center filled with smoky factories and pollution filled avenues. He watched the people work long hours, many were immigrants and others were Native Americans in search of a decent living; furthermore, they came home at night to horrible run down homes where sickly children played in piles of rubbish and rarely attended school. Crime, disease and alcoholism were becoming the image of the industrial world. Westinghouse knew that it could be better than this. He knew that all this progress was not for the working class to become illiterate, diseased and delinquent and for the rich to become isolated and forgetful of what they see. George Westinghouse wondered why nobody did anything about it. Politicians ! would not address it, the upper class would not mention it, and the workers were too busy in their rat race to care. Westinghouse decided he must take action. Westinghouse began reading up on the problem. He read of experiments in Denmark and Sweden where model communities where being made by business and government officials. Westinghouse knew what he would have to do, but it was a very risky move; nevertheless, George had learned not to be frightened off by bold ideas. George Westinghouse contacted a leading architectural firm and told them â€Å"I want you to design a factory and surround it with a town,†(Levine, 2). He visioned a town of state-of-the-art factories, a research laboratory, good schools, community centers, a hospital and inexpensive houses for the employees. Running water and electricity would be standard. In 1890, the Westinghouse Air Brake Company was completely moved to the new site, called Wilmerding, Pennsylvania. The workshops had the â€Å"most modern lighting, heating, ventilation and safety facilities,†(Levine, 2). Each house in the town had a complete indoor bathroom, electric lighting, and natural gas out! lets for cooking and heating. The houses had a lawn with grass, shrubbery, and trees. The houses were rented to the workers with an option to buy. For the children, there were the following: schools that were brightly decorated to attract them to stay, a community center with gymnasiums, a library and meeting rooms. Westinghouse had really out done himself this time thought the whole country; nevertheless, George Westinghouse felt that he had accomplished his greatest achievement, and indeed he had. Westinghouse's model community sent a silent shock-wave to the upper class society of America. Westinghouse was telling these people that they had a responsibility to society. The age of a two class society was over. The American worker now had rights and had power. It took a decade or two, but Westinghouse's vision of America as an Industrial power eventually took shape with the help of the labor movement. Unfortunately, Westinghouse lost control of most of his companies in the financial panic of 1907; this was mostly due to the negative attitude toward him by other employers, his financial backers and his stockholders. Westinghouse died on March 12, 1914; it was a sad day at the Westinghouse companies. A man who cared, a man who listened, a great man was gone forever. George Westinghouse and his wife Marguerite, to whom he credits his success, are buried in Arlington National Cemetery outside Washington, D. C. Overall, millions, if not billions of people have benefi! ted from his companies, inventions, and his visions. Would you have safe, odorless, and efficient lights in your house; would you see an illuminated advertisement on the highway; or would you have a paid vacation if it was not for George Westinghouse? He invented all those things. How about your pension? The hundred largest pensions in the U. S. â€Å"have assets exceeding two trillion dollars,†(Muhlenkamp, 3). That is something George Westinghouse would have enjoyed to see.

Saturday, September 28, 2019

The Impacts developing and evaluating technologies for addressing e Essay

The Impacts developing and evaluating technologies for addressing e provision and licensing of e-books - Essay Example These methods and techniques have great results for web application projects while others prefer a more formal approach. Different aspects of failure and success of agile methods shall be discussed in detail during the research [1]. Web engineering is defined as â€Å"an agile, yet disciplined framework for building industry-quality web applications† [1]. There are several methods and techniques through which web engineering takes place. Some methods are more structured and formal; while others involve minimum aspects of formal planning and documentation. The latter concentrate more on the core development issues of the development and are called the agile web engineering processes [1]. These methods are mainly an invention of web developers and consultants; foundations of which have been derived from their past professional experiences. They term it as a more practical approach that also benefits the client. Some guidelines regarding the methods of web development have been combined to form the twelve principles, known as ‘Agile Web Design Manifesto’ [5]. The impact of AWE is different for organizations; some developers find it practical and therefore abide by it. Whereas some organizations do not experience the same level of success and face hurdles in applying this approach [2]. Therefore the research is focused on the reasons and operational environments which might support or deny the claims of agile methods. The research will be helpful to identify the main causes of failure of an agile web development approach; so that those aspects can be corrected or mitigated. This can serve as a guideline for the necessary steps to achieve an agile development structure. The different modes of agile web engineering, their success scenarios and failures shall be critically analyzed. The steps shall be discussed that are involved during a formally structured organization’s

Friday, September 27, 2019

American History Research Paper (Tobacco) Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

American History (Tobacco) - Research Paper Example obacco growing would be embraced by so many people in Virginia that it became one of the most important cash crop and export from Virginia, and eventually becoming a dominant force in the economical and social structure in the region (Davies, 2015). Robert Adams, Captain of the Elizabeth transported Rolfe’s tobacco samples to England on 20th of July 1613.Even though Rolfe’s initial tobacco was regarded by the British to be of â€Å"excellent quality† all the same, it was not as good as the Spanish one. However, Rolfe was of the opinion that its quality would improve after some more expense and try all in the curing, it would definitely be comparable to the best product West Indies could offer. Rolfe was proved right when 20,000 pounds of tobacco from Virginia were shipped in 1617 to England with that quantity doubling in 1618 (Wertenbaker, 2009). It is these tobacco experiments performed successfully by Rolfe that inspired others to start planting tobacco in the vacant land in Jamestown as well as settlements alongside River James. General planting initially started at West as well as Shirley hundreds; moving eastwards to Point Comfort alongside a one hundred and forty mile stretch of River James. In spite of the 1622 Indian uprising that led to the killing of around 350 colonists together with the destruction of numerous plantations, the crop of the settlers produced sixty thousand pounds. The British afterwards in the 1620s took control over of cleared Indian plantations and spread tobacco growing even more by making use of the headright system, whereby farmers paid to ferry people across the Atlantic for 50 acres of land. By 1629, cultivation of the Accomac peninsula started in earnest when a sum of two thousand acres of tobacco was cultivated there (Wertenbaker, 2009). At around the same period, the uneconomical practice of cultivating 3 to 4 tobacco crops within the same field started to exhaust the soil nutrients around and within Jamestown. In 1632, a

Thursday, September 26, 2019

Sleepy Inn Motel Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sleepy Inn Motel - Case Study Example Even though it is near a quickly expanding resort region, this represents long-term growth and Huang needs to change his revenue stream much more quickly. Huang faces competition from Hilton Inn, Ramada Inn, and Best Western as well as many other lower-priced hotels similar to his own. His larger competition represents very well-known brands with a great deal of brand recognition and brand loyalty by a variety of mixed demographics. Further, since the only promotional material for this region are two billboards operated by the Tourist Bureau, Huang simply cannot rely on the marketing competency of this agency to fill his capacity rates. Huang maintains a low-cost pricing policy that he had established in the hopes that it would bring enough attention to make travelers choose Sleepy Inn Motel over other well-established branded competition. However, the problem here is that 68 percent of visitors to the region are younger couples and older couples with no children, two demographic gro ups that typically have much more access to higher financial resources. This is likely the reason why Huang witnesses visitors turn into his parking lot, but never enter the building. Once a hotel has established brand recognition and brand loyalty, it is difficult for a smaller, virtually unknown name to compete effectively without very intensive integrated marketing campaigns that must be managed and updated constantly. Further, the study conducted of local tourist needs identified that 78 percent believed it important to have recreational facilities before choosing to make a purchase. This is a substantial volume of customers and it is likely that Huang’s lack of a swimming pool is the reason why individuals turn in, but then leave in favor of the larger hotel brands. The costs of adding a swimming pool and other recreational facilities, such as a gym or child’s area, would be a budgetary problem for Huang who is currently experiencing lower-than-average occupancy r atios. Days Inn does not require extensive financial investment and this is a very well-known brand with many different loyal demographics, including military, school teams, business travelers, and senior citizens. Days Inn already has their own well-established marketing campaigns that include on-air promotions such as the described promotion with Blue Bonnet margarine and also a senior citizen discount card to invite incentive purchases. Since Days Inn also has a dedicated customer reservation line, a travel magazine, and a website, this represents the best long-term option for Huang under a franchising agreement. Days Inn might also allow Huang to establish his own unique in-house marketing literature if this were required which could be determined at the time of contract negotiation. The amount of money demanded under the franchising agreement, by Days Inn, is only eight percent of total room revenues. To support choosing Days Inn rather than operating his own brand, a brief rev enue analysis is required. At $45 per night, with only 55 percent of occupancy, this represents $10,395 weekly in gross revenues. By moving under the Days Inn brand, at $70 per night and 68 percent of occupancy, Huang will earn $20,090 in gross revenues weekly or $80,360 monthly. This is almost double what Huang is

Wednesday, September 25, 2019

Eating in restaurant or home Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Eating in restaurant or home - Essay Example Eating at restaurant is an altogether different experience as compared to eating at home. Eating at restaurant is a costly experience lacking privacy but enriched with a wide and diverse range of foods whereas eating at home is a cost-effective experience enriched with privacy and customization. The first and the foremost thing that makes eating at restaurant different from eating at home is that one is surrounded by other families in the former unlike the latter. Eating at a restaurant is a kind of social experience. People tend to eat at restaurant with their friends. The privacy of having a meal at home can only be attained at a fairly high cost at the restaurant. People frequently purchase food from the restaurant and bring that home to eat in order to enjoy food in privacy. While restaurant are visited for eating with friends, people eat with their families at home to enjoy the food in private. The quality of food at a restaurant also depends upon the type of restaurant, with the more expensive restaurants having higher quality as compared to the cheaper restaurants. Costly restaurants charge more because of the hygiene they maintain. While there is little an individual can do to alter the quality of food at a restaurant, quality of food can be adjusted in the home-cooked food as per the want of the family. People customize the flavors of standard recipes by adjusting the content of salt, sugar and such other spices depending upon their individualistic needs and preferences. Eating at restaurant proves costlier than eating at home. â€Å"Restaurants charge even simple food items exorbitantly† (â€Å"Topic No. 3†). Restaurants charge their clients the cost of service, exotic views of the restaurant, and profit in addition to the basic cost of food, whereas the cost incurred on the home-cooked food is just the cost of ingredients and cooking, which is certainly much lesser than the cost of restaurant-made food. Concluding, eating at restaurant and

Tuesday, September 24, 2019

Critical Analysis of College is a Waste of Time and Money Essay

Critical Analysis of College is a Waste of Time and Money - Essay Example It is clearly identifiable from the article that Bird has not expressed her views about college based learning for shock value merely, rather she actually has a firm conviction at heart that colleges in majority of the cases turn out to be a mere waste of wads of cash and many hours and she actually makes every effort in her article to defend this viewpoint. Though this article managed in satiating the minds of many thinkers out there who believe that earning a bachelor’s degree by making big commitments to the colleges in terms of time and money is an ineffective and rather clumsy way to get the real training, still many teachers and students themselves have reacted strongly negatively to Bird’s take on college based learning which is quite understandable. Now, there are two important things worth considering before getting all judgmental in this regard. First, if we think about the established reality which projects that the kind of role played by a teacher or scholar holds monumental importance and value for behavioral modification and general wellbeing of a student, the approach used by Bird to assess the importance of colleges immediately gets discarded. Next, it cannot be said that Bird’s article should be totally condemned or agonized since it lacks ground because concerning the common practice active presently among parents and students to waste wads of cash only after colleges’ or universities’ names, the possibility of a college to turn out to be a waste of cash and time may arise. This is because many times the real purpose of learning is lost when more attention is paid to the college’s name than on a student’s individual personality. It is an undeniable reality that a student who has the tendency to maintain lazy or defiant attitude and bad habits will remain just the same and behave as pathetically as a student even if he/she be enrolled at some of the most prestigious institution. In such cases, go ing to college does turn out to be a futile effort and a college definitely becomes a waste of time and money for such students, but Bird does not antagonize the conventional method of college based learning on this basis alone as she is seen going to different lengths in her article to nullify the concept of colleges for acquiring knowledge. Now, a college is seen by the vast majority of people as the central pillar or the support system upon which the whole building of learning could be supported. Bird disagrees openly from all such thinkers here. The argument used by her to antagonize the established thinking approach is that most of the students enrolled at different colleges in the present times have absolutely no sense of purpose as to why they are there in the college in the first place. This means that a student personally rarely ever has any strong motivation about staying in a particular college to learn. Most of them are just there because their mothers or fathers wanted them to be there or because their families wanted to show off to other relatives or friends about their son or daughter learning in some prestigious institution. Now, this can be passed off as a justified point brought up by Bird because students should personally be strongly motivated for going to colleges to learn and not only should they acknowledge this motivation but should also know how to defend their choice of going to colleges for learning. Next major point addressed by Bird in her article is that special attention should be paid to the real reason behind the

Monday, September 23, 2019

Stem cell research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Stem cell - Research Proposal Example In addition to this, stem cells also help in the internal repairing of the organs by dividing themselves endlessly to cover up for the lost or damaged cells. The new cell which is formed by the stem cell division has the ability to either become another stem cell or a cell with a particular function. Because of its functions, its biological uses are endless. Human heart muscles can be rebuilt, as well as cartilage muscles, bones, neurons and skeletal muscles. Pancreatic cells can be developed for diabetes patients, neurons for people with Alzheimer’s and bone marrow for cancer patients. These are but a few uses to mention. (Gross) Stem cell technology is the best biological step towards repairing of damaged organs as well as creating new ones. The goal of using stem cells is to strap up the chemical signals by which stem cells synchronize the development of organs of a fetus in the womb, and then repeat the process in adulthood to reshape the damaged organs into a better susta inable condition. (KU medical centre) Up till now the research has only been conducted on mice but it is believed that this technology would soon be in practice. Researchers in Washington reported that the stem cells derived from the embryos have the potential to repair organs in two ways: The stem cells either take up the place of the wounded areas or by secreting vital chemicals which help tissues to repair themselves. (Info centre) Craig Basson, director of cardiovascular research at Cornell University's Weill Medical College in New York said "Most of the work on stem cells to date has focused on how to get these cells to turn into a heart cell, a kidney cell, a bone cell or whatever it is you need,". Biological materials like bone marrow, kidneys and even heart could be created out of a stem cell thus with proper utilization and work on this technique, these materials would become abundant. Heart deformities which previously had no cure and proved to be fatal could be cured by t he introduction of stem cells in the affected place as proved by the research and experiments. (KU medical centre) For the first time in the history of biological development, such a gigantic leap has been taken and it is believed, it would result in a positive turn on the life and health of the people. The future is supposed to hold a limitless reserve of the stem cells which would be readily available as per the demand of the user; the prospect of having a new pancreas as well as having your heart repaired with a few injections of stem cells is highly exciting. Abnormalities in blood cells and weak immune system in the people are constantly on the rise and even the youngsters are affected by this; stem cells offer a cure to these abnormalities. Heart diseases are the biggest problem faced by the patients around the world. (Kiessling) Most of the time, these result in death as heart transplants are exceedingly rare and repair of the organ without the stem cell is impossible. This i s the reason what makes heart an expensive biological material, making the treatment of these diseases very costly. In America alone, the total cost of treating cardiovascular diseases and stroke in 2004 is estimated to reach almost $368 billion. Introduction of stem cells would be a great relief for such patients and heart disease would tend to be less lethal. When put into practice,

Sunday, September 22, 2019

Calandrino is the main character in Decameron VIII, 3. He is naive, Essay

Calandrino is the main character in Decameron VIII, 3. He is naive, simpleton, and yet a complex character. Discuss in detail what causes his downfall - Essay Example Calandrino’s first downfall was trust. Maso del Saggio’s was described as fortunate and capable of doing most anything. He was not in Caladrino’s circle of friends. Generally even naà ¯ve and simple people like Caladrino have weariness about an individual from a different class or clique. Instead Caladrino bought Maso del Saggio’s outlandish tale of a far off land where there was a wine river and mozzarella mountain. Not only did believe this story, but Calandrino believed the story of heliotropes in the Mugnone valley. The trust in the popular acquaintance was part of what caused his downfall. Not only did Calandrino trust Maso del Saggio, but he placed his trust in two friends named Bruno and Buffalmacco. This trust should have eroded way before the search for the heliotrope. These two friends must have had many laughs at poor Calandrino’s expense, if the three were friends for a long time as the story implied. The friendship was one of two brighter friends and the scapegoat friend. Men like to buddy up with someone that makes them feel more superior. The two friends felt superior at Calandrino’s naivety and simple mindedness, while Calandrino felt superior for hanging out with two smarter guys. Whatever the reason, Calandrino misplaced his trust in these two. Calandrino might have had a trusting nature towards his friends, but not toward his wife. When he reached home to have his wife see him, Calandrino figured she caused the heliotrope to quit working. The only person to tell him the truth, the wife received a beating for her effort. She was probably the only individual who actually cared for Calandrino enough make plans to make him foolish. She was not above chastising him, but did not go out of her way to play a prank on him. Still his trusting nature did not include his wife. This trust issue was a big part of his downfall. The second reason for

Saturday, September 21, 2019

Stereotypes and Prejudice Essay Example for Free

Stereotypes and Prejudice Essay †¢What are the positive aspects of stereotypes, if any? Most stereotypes are negative and may cause much harm but there are positive stereotypes, which also have a negative impact because they influence prejudice. One positive thing that can be gained from stereotypes is self-motivation. â€Å"Still other researchers have conceptualized the benefits of stereotype use in more motivational terms, such as self-enhancement. † (Lambart, 1997, abstract, Para. 2) Negative comments can sometimes be used to reinforce our self-esteem and prove everyone wrong. From experience, I can say the statement is true, I am the oldest of three girls, and my father always had high aspirations for us, yet low expectations. Never truly believing in our capacity to complete higher education and maintain a decent job, he always said, â€Å"Hispanics are lazy and like the easy way out, we prefer money rather than obtaining a degree. † Rather than bringing me down, I set a goal to prove his beliefs are wrong, and I will be one Hispanic who succeeds. †¢What are the negative aspects of stereotypes? Stereotypes cause physical, mental, and emotional problems to most whom are offended. Emotional problems such as depression, low self-esteem, and losing the desire to succeed in life are a few of the negative aspects of stereotyping. Some suffer physical problems, which include self-mutilation caused by mental and emotional harm, and eating disorders. Some are extremely under weight to avoid stereotypes. The extent of the harm depends on how strong the person is, and their ability to surpass negative comments. †¢What can be done to prevent prejudice from occurring? Unlike categorization, prejudice is not human nature therefore we can control it. Prejudice is pre judgments that we make based on myths and hypothesis not facts. To prevent prejudice form occurring, we need to keep in mind we are all human beings, and have the right to be treated equal. Like the law states â€Å"Innocent until proven guilty,† We should first learn about the person, and find the reason toward their actions before we judge. We must keep in mind we all have the right to make mistakes and no one is free from them, but most important, we need to keep in mind that prejudiced comments hurt people in numerous ways, and we do not want to be part of their pain. I read a book â€Å"Thirteen Reasons Why† by Jay Asher, in which a teenage girl kills herself because of the prejudiced comments thirteen different people made about her. It took only 13 reasons for her to kill herself, because one comment itself didn’t hurt, but all 13 had a snowball effect and kept rolling, getting bigger every time, Once the snowball got to a certain size, she wasn’t able to take all the negative comments and decided to kill herself.

Friday, September 20, 2019

Nano Science and Nano Technology Comparison

Nano Science and Nano Technology Comparison Whenever the topic nano technology comes up most of us dont have a clear idea of what it is. Especially when it is about the difference between nano science and nano technology. Then what is nano science? Nanoscience is the study of objects with size less than hundred nanometers at least in one dimension. When objects go to nanometer scale in size, their behavior get changed applied laws may not be the same as when they were larger in size. Nanoscience involves finding governing laws of these tiny objects, deriving theoretical models to describe the behavior of those nanoscale materials and analyzing the properties of them. So, what is Nano technology? Nanotechnology is engineering the nanoscale objects at molecular level using different techniques. Nanotechnology is all about techniques and tools to come up with a nanoscale design or system that exploit the properties at molecular level to be more accurate and efficient. Using the knowledge on material behaviour at nanoscale which is got from nanoscience, nanotechnology focuses on properties such as strength, lightness, electrical and thermal conductance and reactivity to design and manufacture useful items. How did all start? The emergence of nanotechnology in the 1980s was caused by the convergence of experimental advances such as the invention of the scanning tunneling microscope in 1981 and the discovery of fullerenes in 1985, with the elucidation and popularization of a conceptual framework for the goals of nanotechnology beginning with the 1986 publication of the book Engines of Creation. The conceptual origin The American physicist Richard Feynman lectured, Theres Plenty of Room at the Bottom, at an American Physical Society meeting at Caltech on December 29, 1959, which is often held to have provided inspiration for the field of nanotechnology. Feynman had described a process by which the ability to manipulate individual atoms and molecules might be developed, using one set of precise tools to build and operate another proportionally smaller set, so on down to the needed scale. In the course of this, he noted, scaling issues would arise from the changing magnitude of various physical phenomena: gravity would become less important, surface tension and Van der Waals attraction would become more important. The Japanese scientist called Norio Taniguchi of Tokyo University of Science was the first to use the term nano-technology in a 1974 conference,[11] to describe semiconductor processes such as thin film deposition and ion beam milling exhibiting characteristic control on the order of a nanometer. His definition was, Nano-technology mainly consists of the processing of, separation, consolidation, and deformation of materials by one atom or one molecule. However, the term was not used again until 1981 when Eric Drexler, who was unaware of Taniguchis prior use of the term, published his first paper on nanotechnology in 1981. In the 1980s the idea of nanotechnology as a deterministic, rather than stochastic, handling of individual atoms and molecules was conceptually explored in depth by K. Eric Drexler, who promoted the technological significance of nano-scale phenomena and devices through speeches and two influential books. In 1980, Drexler encountered Feynmans provocative 1959 talk Theres Plenty of Room at the Bottom while preparing his initial scientific paper on the subject, Molecular Engineering: An approach to the development of general capabilities for molecular manipulation, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences in 1981.[1] The term nanotechnology (which paralleled Taniguchis nano-technology) was independently applied by Drexler in his 1986 book Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology, which proposed the idea of a nanoscale assembler which would be able to build a copy of itself and of other items of arbitrary complexity. He also first published the term grey goo to describe what might happen if a hypothetical self-replicating machine, capable of independent operation, were constructed and released. Definition Nanotechnology is a multi-disciplinary engineering field, which draws from and benefits areas such as materials science and engineering, chemistry, physics, biology, and medicine Nano-engineered materials, addresses the synthesis, characterization and engineering application of several classes of advanced materials, including nanocrystalline materials and nanopowders used in electronics and photonics applications, as catalysts in automobiles, in the food and pharmaceutical industries, as membranes for fuel cells, and for industrial-scale polymers. The design, synthesis, characterization, application and fundamental studies of new crystalline metal oxide nano-materials that may be used for next-generation rechargeable batteries. Nano-engineering of polymer electrolyte membranes. Hydrogen fuel cells use these membranes to combine hydrogen and oxygen and produce energy. Development of nano-particles as powerful catalysts for petrochemical refinery applications. Basic and applied research in photonic and photonic band gap crystals for optical and microwave communications. Design, synthesis, fundamental understanding and processing of polymer nano-composites, which are used in several applications for the automotive, aerospace, electronic components and packaging industries. Nano-electronics, addresses the development of systems and materials that will enable the electronics industry to overcome current technological limits. Also part of this theme area is a new generation of electronics based on plastics, which is expected to create new markets with applications ranging from smart cards to tube-like computers. Experimentation in electron beam lithography, to fabricate nanostructures and nanoelectronic devices, and to determine how the arrangement of molecules affects the chemical properties of substances. Fundamental studies and development of nanocrystalline thin-film semiconductors, devices and circuits for electronics and spintronics. Development and fabrication of Micro- and Nano-Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS/NEMS). New devices being researched include NEMS-based metamaterials, miniature signal processing devices, biomedical, diagnostic and image processing devices, tiny wireless components (filters, mixers, antennas), miniature opto-electromechanical devices (optical relays, optical multiplexers, deformable optics), miniature biosensors and environmental sensors, and micro- and nano-fluidics devices. Organic synthesis, characterization and application of molecular organic semiconductor materials for electronic/optoelectronic devices. These materials are uniquely positioned to allow low cost fabrication processes (e.g., printable electronics) and to enable novel applications, such as, flexible- and molecular-electronics. Nano-biosystems, addresses the molecular manipulation of biomaterials and the engineering of nanoscale systems and processes of biological and medicinal interest, such as, for example, the targeted delivery of therapeutic agents and the design of DNA, peptide, protein, and cell chips. Interfacing nano-chips to bio-molecules. Creation of nano-vehicles that mimic the way viruses interact with specific cells. This will facilitate the delivery of drugs directly to targeted cells, and could, for instance, eliminate the toxic side-effects of chemotherapy by directing the therapeutic agents to cancer cells only. Development of nanotechnology methods for therapeutic applications, for example, for replacing faulty DNA or RNA strands with corrected strands. Development of nano-techniques for inactivation of microbes: an efficient and cheap method of food sterilization. Nano-instruments addresses some of the most far-reaching yet practical applications of miniature instruments for measuring atoms or molecules in chemical, clinical, or biochemical analysis; in biotechnology for agent detection; and environmental analysis. Lab-on-chip and micro-nano fluidic devices for biodiagnostics and protein sequencing. Fundamental studies leading to development of theories behind measurements at the nano-scale. Fabrication of instrumentation and development of methodology for micro- and nano-analytical chemistry for measurements of pollutants on-site. Using micro as an interface between the nano-scale and the macroscopic, human-scale. Development and characterization of mobile micro- and nano- instruments that are small, cheap and under wireless control. Measurement of how nano-materials grow and form on surfaces. Studies of polymer interfaces, adhesion and confinement of polymer chains glass transition in confined geometries. What do we have so far? scientists at the Department of Energys Oak Ridge National Laboratory have developed a catalyst made of carbon, copper and nitrogen and applied voltage to trigger a complicated chemical reaction that essentially reverses the combustion process. With the help of the nanotechnology-based catalyst which contains multiple reaction sites, the solution of carbon dioxide dissolved in water turned into ethanol with a yield of 63 percent. Typically, this type of electrochemical reaction results in a mix of several different products in small amounts. How it started The ideas and concepts behind nanoscience and nanotechnology started with a talk entitled Theres Plenty of Room at the Bottom by physicist Richard Feynman at an American Physical Society meeting at the California Institute of Technology (CalTech) on December 29, 1959, long before the term nanotechnology was used. In his talk, Feynman described a process in which scientists would be able to manipulate and control individual atoms and molecules. Over a decade later, in his explorations of ultraprecision machining, Professor Norio Taniguchi coined the term nanotechnology. It wasnt until 1981, with the development of the scanning tunneling microscope that could see individual atoms, that modern nanotechnology began. Once scientists had the right tools, such as the scanning tunneling microscope (STM) and the atomic force microscope (AFM), the age of nanotechnology was born. Although modern nanoscience and nanotechnology are quite new, nanoscale materials were used for centuries. Alternate-sized gold and silver particles created colors in the stained glass windows of medieval churches hundreds of years ago. The artists back then just didnt know that the process they used to create these beautiful works of art actually led to changes in the composition of the materials they were working with. Todays scientists and engineers are finding a wide variety of ways to deliberately make materials at the nanoscale to take advantage of their enhanced properties such as higher strength, lighter weight, increased control of light spectrum, and greater chemical reactivity than their larger-scale counterparts. Manufacturing at the nanoscale is known as nanomanufacturing. Nanomanufacturing involves scaled-up, reliable, and cost-effective manufacturing of nanoscale materials, structures, devices, and systems. It also includes research, development, and integration of top-down processes and increasingly complex bottom-up or self-assembly processes. A product of nanomanufacturing: A 16 gauge wire (above), approximately 1.3 millimeters in diameter, made from carbon nanotubes that were spun into thread. And the same wire on a 150 ply spool (below.) Courtesy of Nanocomp. In more simple terms, nanomanufacturing leads to the production of improved materials and new products. As mentioned above, there are two basic approaches to nanomanufacturing, either top-down or bottom-up. Top-down fabrication reduces large pieces of materials all the way down to the nanoscale, like someone carving a model airplane out of a block of wood. This approach requires larger amounts of materials and can lead to waste if excess material is discarded. The bottom-up approach to nanomanufacturing creates products by building them up from atomic- and molecular-scale components, which can be time-consuming. Scientists are exploring the concept of placing certain molecular-scale components together that will spontaneously self-assemble, from the bottom up into ordered structures. Within the top-down and bottom-up categories of nanomanufacturing, there are a growing number of new processes that enable nanomanufacturing. Among these are: Chemical vapor deposition is a process in which chemicals react to produce very pure, high-performance films Molecular beam epitaxy is one method for depositing highly controlled thin films Atomic layer epitaxy is a process for depositing one-atom-thick layers on a surface Dip pen lithography is a process in which the tip of an atomic force microscope is dipped into a chemical fluid and then used to write on a surface, like an old fashioned ink pen onto paper Nanoimprint lithography is a process for creating nanoscale features by stamping or printing them onto a surface Roll-to-roll processing is a high-volume process to produce nanoscale devices on a roll of ultrathin plastic or metal Self-assembly describes the process in which a group of components come together to form an ordered structure without outside direction Structures and properties of materials can be improved through these nanomanufacturing processes. Such nanomaterials can be stronger, lighter, more durable, water-repellent, anti-reflective, self-cleaning, ultraviolet- or infrared-resistant, antifog, antimicrobial, scratch-resistant, or electrically conductive, among other traits. Taking advantage of these properties, todays nanotechnology-enabled products range from baseball bats and tennis rackets to catalysts for refining crude oil and ultrasensitive detection and identification of biological and chemical toxins. A high resolution image of a graphene transistor with a sheet of carbon only one atom thick. This high speed electronic device was createdÂÂ   using nanoscale processes, and may one day be used for better computerÂÂ   hips. (Courtesy of James Yardley, Columbia University Nanocenter, an NNI-sponsored NSEC) Nanoscale transistors may someday lead to computers that are faster, more powerful, and more energy efficient than those used today. Nanotechnology also holds the potential to exponentially increase information storage capacity; soon your computers entire memory will be able to be stored on a single tiny chip. In the energy arena, nanotechnology will enable high-efficiency, low-cost batteries and solar cells. For more products and applications that use nanotechnology, see Benefits Applications or browse our database of the NNIs Major Achievements in Nanotechnology. Nanotechnology RD, and the eventual nanomanufacturing of products, requires advanced and often very expensive equipment and facilities. In order to realize the potential of nanotechnology, NNI agencies are investing heavily in nanomanufacturing RD and infrastructure. Over 90 NNI-funded centers and user facilities across the country provide researchers the facilities, equipment, and trained staff to develop nanotechnology applications and associated manufacturing processes. The NNI helps drive the nanomanufacturing field by providing researchers and small businesses with access to this specialized equipment in order to maintain global U.S. competitiveness. To assist in agency coordination in the area of nanomanufacturing, the Nanoscale Science, Engineering, and Technology (NSET) Subcommittee created the Nanotechnology Innovation and Commercialization Ecosystem (NICE) Working Group. The Presidents FY 2017 Budget provides $1.4 billion for the National Nanotechnology Initiative, including an estimated $37 million for nanomanufacturing. The National Nanomanufacturing Network (NNN) is an alliance of academic, government and industry partners that cooperate to advance nanomanufacturing strength in the U.S. The NNI and its member agencies actively participate in, support, and contribute to the NNN in its mission to advance nanomanufacturing. The NNN functions as part electronic resource, part community of practice, and part network of experts working on the development of nanomanufacturing. The NNN fosters technology transition and exchange through a host of activities including reviews and archiving of emerging materials, processes, and areas of practice, strategic workshops and roadmap development. InterNano is the information arm of the NNN-a digital library resource of timely information on nanomanufacturing and a platform for collaboration, providing information archiving in areas of processes and tools, standards, reports, events, and environmental health and safety databases. A scanning tunneling microscope (STM) is an instrument for imaging surfaces at the atomic level. Its development in 1981 earned its inventors, Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer (at IBM ZÃ ¼rich), the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1986.[1][2] For a STM, good resolution is considered to be 0.1 nm lateral resolution and 0.01 nm (10 pm) depth resolution.[3] With this resolution, individual atoms within materials are routinely imaged and manipulated. The STM can be used not only in ultra-high vacuum but also in air, water, and various other liquid or gas ambients, and at temperatures ranging from near zero kelvin to over 1000ÂÂ °C.[4][5]Â   Â   STM is based on the concept of quantum tunneling. When a conducting tip is brought very near to the surface to be examined, a bias (voltage difference) applied between the two can allow electrons to tunnel through the vacuum between them. The resulting tunneling current is a function of tip position, applied voltage, and the local density of states (LDOS) of the sample.[4]Information is acquired by monitoring the current as the tips position scans across the surface, and is usually displayed in image form. STM can be a challenging technique, as it requires extremely clean and stable surfaces, sharp tips, excellent vibration control, and sophisticated electronics, but nonetheless many hobbyists have built their own. Atomic-force microscopy (AFM) or scanning-force microscopy (SFM) is a type of scanning probe microscopy (SPM), with demonstrated resolution on the order of fractions of a nanometer, more than 1000 times better than the optical diffraction limit. The information is gathered by feeling or touching the surface with a mechanical probe. Piezoelectric elements that facilitate tiny but accurate and precise movements on (electronic) command enable very precise scanning. The AFM has three major abilities: force measurement, imaging, and manipulation.